Polonez Bis 1

Parameters - Burushaski

Construction type	Construction Parameter	Value	Comments

Voice marking	Proper marker	no
Voice marking	Lookalike marker	no
Voice marking	Synthetic marker	n/a
Voice marking	Analytical marker	n/a
Flagging	S-argument flagging	n/a	Main argument retains its flagging despite the fact that O is unexpressed. (K.S.) 'The absolutive case marker in Burushaski is -Ø, and this case functions as the case for the only participant of intransitive clauses [..], the direct object participant of transitives [...], (Yoshioka 2012: 50)
Flagging	P-oblique flagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique unflagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique flagging variation	n/a
Indexation	S-argument indexed	yes	'Concerning the personal suffix, the marking system is dichotomous: a personal suffix agrees with the subject argument S/A, and no suffix is used to mark the object arguments O/T/R,' (Yoshioka 2012: 243).
Indexation	S-argument indexation conditioned	no
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P is generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P is indefinite (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P can be referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique is generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique is indefinite (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique can be referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P is generic (non-specific)	yes	'Considering the circumstances mentioned above, it is concluded that the likelihood of objects would not be relavant to the choice of stem. The only effective conditions are that H-class objects require the personal prefix slot, and that entirely unknown objects, whose overtness is mostly low or zero, demand stems without the slot' (Yoshioka 2012: 260)
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P is indefinite (non-specific)	yes	'Considering the circumstances mentioned above, it is concluded that the likelihood of objects would not be relavant to the choice of stem. The only effective conditions are that H-class objects require the personal prefix slot, and that entirely unknown objects, whose overtness is mostly low or zero, demand stems without the slot' (Yoshioka 2012: 260)
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P can be referential	no	*P omission with referential (anaphoric or indefinite reading): FYI: It must be recalled that Burushaski freely uses implicit subjects or complements for non salient thematic arguments (anaphoric or indefinite). Non salient objects need not have any morphological reflexes in a sentence, unlike subjects which are necessarily indicated at least through subject agreement (Morin & Tiffou 1988: 498).
Oblique affectedness	Less affected oblique	n/a
P-constraining properties	Animacy constrains oblique demotion	n/a
P-constraining properties	Person constrains oblique demotion	n/a
P-constraining properties	Number constrains oblique demotion	n/a