Polonez Bis 1

Parameters - Karajá

Construction type	Construction Parameter	Value	Comments

Voice marking	Proper marker	yes	In Karajá, [...], antipassive, marked by the prefix ɔ-, results in the deletion of an unknown or irrelevant direct object (Ribeiro 2012: 54).
Voice marking	Lookalike marker	no
Voice marking	Synthetic marker	yes	In Karajá, [...], antipassive, marked by the prefix ɔ-, results in the deletion of an unknown or irrelevant direct object (Ribeiro 2012: 54).
Voice marking	Analytic marker	no
Flagging	S-argument flagging	no	'Nominals functioning as subjects and direct objects are not morphologically marked,' (Ribeiro 2012: 38)
Flagging	P-oblique flagging	yes	Karajá (Ribeiro 2012: 51) 1a. hawɨkɨ ɗa-rikɔrɛ ∅-r-ɪ-ɗ-ə̃kə̃raθi-də̃=r-e woman 3REFL-offspring 3-CTFG-TRANS-I-ask-VERB=CTFG-IMPERF ‘The woman questioned her son.’ 1b. hawɨkɨ ɗa-rikɔrɛ=kɔ ∅-r-∅- ə̃kə̃raʃi=r-e woman 3REFL-offspring=ALL 3-CTFG-INTR-ask=CTFG-IMPERF ‘The woman asked her son.’ With a few semi-transitive verbs (i.e., those which take non-canonically marked objects, such as an allative or dative argument), such as - ə̃kə̃raʃi ‘to ask’, transitivization results in the promotion of the former oblique argument to direct object (examples from the Xambioá dialect) (Ribeiro 2012: 51).
Flagging	P-oblique unflagging	no
Flagging	P-oblique flagging variation	yes
Indexation	S-argument indexed	yes	Person agreement displays a strictly nominative pattern, with the verb always agreeing with the subject, be it intransitive (46a) or transitive (46b) (Ribeiro 2012: 46). Karajá (Ribeiro 2012: 47) Table 1.12. Subject agreement markers Person Realis Irrealis 1st a- ♀ ka-/♂ a- 2nd ɗa- bə- /b- 3rd 0- 0- ; kə- /♂ ə-
Indexation	S-argument indexation conditioned	yes	Karajá (Ribeiro 2012: 47) Table 1.12. Subject agreement markers in Karajá Person Realis Irrealis 1st a- ♀ ka-/♂ a- 2nd ɗa- bə- /b- 3rd 0- 0- ; kə- /♂ ə-
P-individuation properties	P incorporated: Generic (non-specific)	yes	Karajá (Ribeiro 2012: 57, 2001: 230) 1a. d-ãdɪ wa-ritʃɔrɛ radɛ Ø-r-ɪ-kərɔ=r-ɛrɪ REL-mother 1-offspring hair 3-CTFG-TRANS-cut=CTFG-PROGR ‘My mother is cutting my child’s hair.’ 1b. d-ãdɪ Ø-r-ɔ-radɛ-kərɔ=r-ɛrɪ REL-mother 3-CTFG-ANTI-hair-cut=CTFG-PROGR ‘My mother is cutting (someone’s) hair.’ [lit., ‘My mother is hair-cutting (someone).’]
P-individuation properties	P incorporated: Indefinite (non-specific)	no
P-individuation properties	P incorporated: Referential	no
P-individuation properties	P oblique: Generic (non-specific)	no
P-individuation properties	P oblique: Indefinite (non-specific)	no
P-individuation properties	P oblique: Referential	yes	Karajá (Ribeiro 2012: 51) 1a. hawɨkɨ ɗa-rikɔrɛ ∅-r-ɪ-ɗ-ə̃kə̃raθi-də̃=r-e woman 3REFL-offspring 3-CTFG-TRANS-I-ask-VERB=CTFG-IMPERF ‘The woman questioned her son.’ 1b. hawɨkɨ ɗa-rikɔrɛ=kɔ ∅-r-∅- ə̃kə̃raʃi=r-e woman 3REFL-offspring=ALL 3-CTFG-INTR-ask=CTFG-IMPERF ‘The woman asked her son.’
P-individuation properties	P eliminated: Generic (non-specific)	no
P-individuation properties	P eliminated: Indefinite (non-specific)	yes	In Karajá, [...], antipassive, marked by the prefix ɔ-, results in the deletion of an unknown or irrelevant direct object (Ribeiro 2012: 54). Antipassives in Karajá are used to suppress an irrelevant, unknown, or undetermined object. Common examples involve typical activities such as ‘to clear (a garden)' (Ribeiro 2012: 196).
P-individuation properties	P eliminated: Referential	yes	In Karajá, [...], antipassive, marked by the prefix ɔ-, results in the deletion of an unknown or irrelevant direct object (Ribeiro 2012: 54). Antipassives in Karajá are used to suppress an irrelevant, unknown, or undetermined object. Common examples involve typical activities such as ‘to clear (a garden)' (Ribeiro 2012: 196).
P-oblique affectedness	Less affected P-oblique	no
P-constraining properties	Animacy constraints on P-oblique demotion	no
P-constraining properties	Person constraints on P-oblique demotion	no
P-constraining properties	Number constraints on P-oblique demotion	no