| Voice marking | Proper marker | yes | 'This valency-reducing prefix is added to otherwise transitive verbs to indicate actions which do not have the normal two distinct participants of a transitive event because there is:
- no clear agent/initiator;
- no clear patient/endpoint; or
- the agent and patient are the same (reflexive).
(Loughnane 2009: 238)
'The middle marker t- is also used when a normally transitive verb occurs without its normal object.'
(Loughnane 2009: 239) |
| Voice marking | Lookalike marker | no | |
| Voice marking | Synthetic marker | yes | 'The middle marker t- is also used when a normally transitive verb occurs without its normal object.'
(Loughnane 2009: 239)
'This valency-reducing prefix is added to otherwise transitive verbs to indicate actions which do not have the normal two distinct participants of a transitive event because there is:
- no clear agent/initiator;
- no clear patient/endpoint; or
- the agent and patient are the same (reflexive).
(Loughnane 2009: 238)
|
| Voice marking | Analytical marker | no | Complex predicates do not influence the valence of the predicate (K.S.).
(Loughnane 2009: 312)
a.
na=o=de-ti-p
NEG=leave=MAKE-PFV-PER.FP.SG
‘(I) didn’t leave (something/someone).’
b.
o=n-x-n-gop
leave=1/2.O-MAKE-PFV-VIS.FP.SG
‘(He/she/it) left me.’
|
| Flagging | S-argument flagging | no | (Loughnane 2009: 159)
Higher animate Lower animate
Subject - -
Object + -
Table 6-2. Presence of =nuŋ ‘O’'
|
| Flagging | P-oblique flagging | no | |
| Flagging | P-oblique unflagging | yes | (Loughnane 2009: 141)
gəxən nənəp=nəp mox ox samin xəx
later elder.brother.1/3POSS=VERY ANPH 3SM wild.pig find
t-x-m=o li-m s-n-gop=li
MID-MAKE-SEQ=QUOT say-SEQ go-PFV-VIS.FP.SG=REP
‘The older brother went to hunt for wild pigs.’
|
| Flagging | P-oblique flagging variation | n/a | |
| Indexation | S-argument indexed | yes | The subject is easily identifiable as the argument whose number is cross-referenced in the verbal suffixation (Loughnane 2009: 349) (KJ).
In regards to number marking, the verb agrees with the nominative subject: the A argument in transitive clauses and the S argument in intransitive clauses. Singular (8- 80) and plural (8-81) subject number are distinguished. Although singular, dual and plural number are distinguished by the pronouns (...), dual and plural subjects are both marked as plural on the verb.
(Loughnane 2009: 347) |
| Indexation | S-argument indexation conditioned | no | |
| P-individuation properties | Incorporated P is generic (non-specific) | n/a | |
| P-individuation properties | Incorporated P is indefinite (non-specific) | n/a | |
| P-individuation properties | Incorporated P can be referential | n/a | |
| P-individuation properties | Oblique is generic (non-specific) | yes | 'Rarely, a verb with the middle prefix takes an apparent object as in (8-57), where there appears to be an object, samin ‘wild pig(s)’, despite the presence of the middle prefix, which is detransitivising. In this example, the use of the middle prefix implies that the older brother will go hunting around the place and may or may not actually find any pigs. A possible explanation as to why it is grammatical to use the middle marker in this case is the non-individuation (non-referentiality) and potential non-affectedness of the object.' (Loughnane 2009: 240-241
|
| P-individuation properties | Oblique is indefinite (non-specific) | yes | 'Rarely, a verb with the middle prefix takes an apparent object as in (8-57), where there appears to be an object, samin ‘wild pig(s)’, despite the presence of the middle prefix, which is detransitivising. In this example, the use of the middle prefix implies that the older brother will go hunting around the place and may or may not actually find any pigs. A possible explanation as to why it is grammatical to use the middle marker in this case is the non-individuation (non-referentiality) and potential non-affectedness of the object.' (Loughnane 2009: 240-241
|
| P-individuation properties | Oblique can be referential | no | 'Rarely, a verb with the middle prefix takes an apparent object as in (8-57), where there appears to be an object, samin ‘wild pig(s)’, despite the presence of the
middle prefix, which is detransitivising. In this example, the use of the middle prefix
implies that the older brother will go hunting around the place and may or may not
actually find any pigs. A possible explanation as to why it is grammatical to use the
middle marker in this case is the non-individuation (non-referentiality) and potential non-affectedness of the object.'
(Loughnane 2009: 240-241
|
| P-individuation properties | Eliminated P is generic (non-specific) | yes | P adjunct omission:
This valency-reducing prefix is added to otherwise transitive verbs to indicate actions
which do not have the normal two distinct participants of a transitive event because
there is:
- no clear agent/initiator;
- no clear patient/endpoint
(Loughnane 2009: 238)
|
| P-individuation properties | Eliminated P is indefinite (non-specific) | yes | P omission:
(Loughnane 2009: 225)
su-ti-p
kill-PFV-PER.FP.SG
‘(He/she/it) killed (something/someone).’
|
| P-individuation properties | Eliminated P can be referential | no | |
| Oblique affectedness | Less affected oblique | yes | 'Rarely, a verb with the middle prefix takes an apparent object as in (8-57), where there appears to be an object, samin ‘wild pig(s)’, despite the presence of the middle prefix, which is detransitivising. In this example, the use of the middle prefix implies that the older brother will go hunting around the place and may or may not actually find any pigs. A possible explanation as to why it is grammatical to use the middle marker in this case is the non-individuation (non-referentiality) and potential non-affectedness of the object.' (Loughnane 2009: 240-241).
|
| P-constraining properties | Animacy constrains oblique demotion | no | |
| P-constraining properties | Person constrains oblique demotion | no | |
| P-constraining properties | Number constrains oblique demotion | no | |