Polonez Bis 1

Parameters - Ngarla (South-West Pama-Nyungan)

Construction type	Construction Parameter	Value	Comments

Voice marking	Proper marker	yes	In Ngarla, the antipassive derivational suffix -ra- is taken by telic L conjugation complex verbs (Westerlund 2015: 67). Antipassive being a valency decreasing derivation, the -ra- suffix conditions the use of Ø conjugation verbal morphology (Westerlund 2015: 67). -ra- is the Ngarla Antipassive derivational suffix (Westerlund 2017: 346). Australian languages commonly allow derivational morphemes, usually suffixes, to be added to verbal roots. Such suffixes are either semantic or syntactic in nature. Syntactic suffixes change the valency of the verb (Dixon 2002a). This situation is found in Ngarla (Westerlund 2017: 66).
Voice marking	Lookalike marker	no
Voice marking	Synthetic marker	yes	In Ngarla, the antipassive derivational suffix -ra- is taken by telic L conjugation complex verbs (Westerlund 2015: 67). -ra- is the Ngarla Antipassive derivational suffix (Westerlund 2017: 346). Australian languages commonly allow derivational morphemes, usually suffixes, to be added to verbal roots. Such suffixes are either semantic or syntactic in nature. Syntactic suffixes change the valency of the verb (Dixon 2002a). This situation is found in Ngarla (Westerlund 2017: 66).
Voice marking	Analytical marker	no
Flagging	S-argument flagging	no	the unmarked forms of nominals that may appear in either intransitive subject or accusative object function are left without case labels (Westerlund 2015: 12).
Flagging	P-oblique flagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique unflagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique flagging variation	n/a
Indexation	S-argument indexed	yes	Bound pronouns are employed in main clauses only, in order to mark subject agreement. However, there are only bound pronouns for some persons (Westerlund 2015: 64). Ngarla bound pronouns (Westerlund 2015: 64). In imperatives/hortations: 1DU.INCL -jarra 2DU -pula 3DU 0 2PL -ya 3PL 0 With other TAM distinctions: 1DU.INCL 0 2DU 0 3DU -pula 2PL 0 3PL -ya
Indexation	S-argument indexation conditioned	yes	Bound pronouns are employed in main clauses only, in order to mark subject agreement. However, there are only bound pronouns for some persons. (Westerlund 2015: 64). Table 24 contains all forms of Ngarla bound morphemes (Westerlund 2015: 64): In imperatives/hortations: 1DU.INCL -jarra 2DU -pula 3DU 0 2PL -ya 3PL 0 With other TAM distinctions: 1DU.INCL 0 2DU 0 3DU -pula 2PL 0 3PL -ya
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P is generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P is indefinite (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P can be referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique is generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique is indefinite (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique can be referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P is generic (non-specific)	yes	The Ngarla antipassive derivation is also employed to indicate general states of affairs. Compare(152), which describes what the horse is doing at the time of speaking, to antipassive in (153), which states what usually happens after the horse has gone for a swim (Westerlund 2015: 68). The Ngarla antipassive derivation is also employed to indicate general states of affairs. The example describes what the horse is doing at the time of speaking vs what usually happens after the horse has gone for a swim (Westerlund 2015: 68).
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P is indefinite (non-specific)	yes	The Ngarla antipassive is used to indicate that what is described by the verb is stretched out in time. This means that an iterative sense is created with punctual verbs. Compare antipassive (150) to (151). The first sentence denotes that someone continues to shout at someone else. The second transitive example, however implies that one man is shouting at another only once (Westerlund 2015: 67).
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P can be referential	no
Oblique affectedness	Less affected oblique	n/a
P-constraining properties	Animacy constrains oblique demotion	n/a
P-constraining properties	Person constrains oblique demotion	n/a
P-constraining properties	Number constrains oblique demotion	n/a