Polonez Bis 1

Parameters - Tima

Construction type	Construction Parameter	Value	Comments

Voice marking	Proper marker	yes	In addition, there are valency-changing markers such as the antipassive marker -àk / -λk /-Pk (Dimmendaal 2009: 341). In Tima, the suffix '-Vk' on verb stems is considered as a derivational marker which indicates the omission of the object in transitive verb roots (Mubarak 2009: 234).
Voice marking	Lookalike marker	no
Voice marking	Synthetic marker	yes	In addition, there are valency-changing markers such as the antipassive marker -àk / -λk /-Pk (Dimmendaal 2009: 341). In Tima, the suffix '-Vk' on verb stems is considered as a derivational marker which indicates the omission of the object in transitive verb roots (Mubarak 2009: 234).
Voice marking	Analytical marker	no
Flagging	S-argument flagging	no
Flagging	P-oblique flagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique unflagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique flagging variation	n/a
Indexation	S-argument indexed	yes	There do not appear to be any traces of noun classes in the Tima verb system. Apart from the pronominal subject markers for the 1SG, 2SG, 1PL, 2PL (...), there is one 3SG and one 3PL marker. The latter forms are also used with nominal subjects (Dimmendaal 2009: 338).
Indexation	S-argument indexation conditioned	yes	There do not appear to be any traces of noun classes in the Tima verb system. Apart from the pronominal subject markers for the 1SG, 2SG, 1PL, 2PL (...), there is one 3SG and one 3PL marker. The latter forms are also used with nominal subjects (Dimmendaal 2009: 338). Prefix marker A 1sg N- 2sg a- 3sg ø- 1plexcl i-, i- 1plincl i-, i- 2pl na- 3pl ø- In its simplest form below, the verb is not inflected for subject (or agent, in the case of ergative constructions). This is the common pattern whenever a phrase is in focus (Dimmendaal 2009: 339). (Dimmendaal 2009: 339). [1sg-Foc buy fish] ‘I buy/am buying/bought fish’
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P is generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P is indefinite (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P can be referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique is generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique is indefinite (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique can be referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P is generic (non-specific)	yes	P suppression: FYI: The patient is translated as 'something', suggesting that the patient is unspecified / generic. Unclear if this is productive (Heaton 2017: 429). P omission: (Dimmendaal 2009: 346) a) ƞ́-kʌ́lùk (kɨ́dʌ̀) káɓʊ̀h kùllʌ́ 1SG-eat 1SG meat yesterday ‘I ate (some) meat yesterday’ b) ɲ̀-cʌ́-ƞ́-kʌ̀lùk kɨ́dʌ̀ tʌ̂m PROG-1SG-eat 1SG much ‘I am eating a lot’
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P is indefinite (non-specific)	yes	P suppression: (Dimmendaal 2009: 341) a) ìțúk-é ὴ-kɔyɔɔ -nɔ porridge-foc 1sg-prepare-erg.1sg ‘I am preparing porridge.’ b) ὴcɅ- ὴ-kɔyɔ-ɔk kidλ prog-1sg-prepare-antip 1sg ‘I am (in the process of) preparing something’ In Tima, the suffix '-Vk' on verb stems is considered as a derivational marker which indicates the omission of the object in transitive verb roots. Thus, the antipassive operation in Tima plays a great role in decreasing the verb valency. The antipassive suffix is highly predictable. If the transitive verb does not take an object, the antipassive suffix '-Vk' is used instead (Mubarak 2009: 234). (Mubarak 2009: 176) cɛn-cɛrcɛr-ʌk-dʌ kuhunʌŋ PROG.1SG-write-ANTIP-1SG Adv:now ‘I am writing now’
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P can be referential	no	P suppression: FYI: The patient is translated as 'something', suggesting that the patient is unspecified / generic. Unclear if this is productive (Heaton 2017: 429).
Oblique affectedness	Less affected oblique	n/a
P-constraining properties	Animacy constrains oblique demotion	n/a
P-constraining properties	Person constrains oblique demotion	n/a
P-constraining properties	Number constrains oblique demotion	n/a