Polonez Bis 1

Parameters - Comanche

Construction type	Construction Parameter	Value	Comments

Voice marking	Proper marker	yes	FYI: The language has the indefinite object prefixes: ma- and ti- that can function as a voice marker. See Charney (1993: 128). There is also considerable disagreement on how descriptive work should label and treat such constructions – which in turn display an essential degree of cross-linguistic variation. Charney’s Comanche grammar, for instance, calls the relevant morphemes “indefinite object” (Zúñiga and Kittila 2019: 106).
Voice marking	Lookalike marker	no
Voice marking	Synthetic marker	yes	The indefinite object prefix ma- and ti- can function as a voice marker. 'Ma- is more definite than ti- and tends to be used when the implied object is human. The prefix ti- is used when the implied object is nonhuman (Charney 1993: 128).
Voice marking	Analytic marker	no
Flagging	S-argument flagging	no	Comanche has marked absolutive: =pi, =pih, -pi, -pih, TOP marker -tsa (see Charney 1993: 48). Intransitive sentences consist of a predicate and one nominal. The predicate is generally a verb, which may be suffixed by any of the elements in the aspect system (Charney 1989: 222). FYI: The subject of the main clause is in a subjective form (Charney 1989: 287).@The author often uses the subjective case or subjective form. The subjective form remains unflagged.
Flagging	P-oblique flagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique unflagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique flagging variation	n/a
Indexation	S-argument indexed	n/a
Indexation	S-argument indexation conditioned	n/a
P-individuation properties	P incorporated: Generic (non-specific)	yes	Incorporated nouns (...) are found fairly often in Comanche and are generally used to describe habitual activities (Charney 1993: 123). FYI: Comanche has Incorporation Type 1 (cf. Mithun 1984). FYI: Incorporation Type 1: Since IN's do not refer to specific entities, these constructions tend to be used in contexts without specific, individuated patients. They may be generic statements; or descriptions of on-going activities, in which a patient has been incompletely affected; or habitual activities in which the specific patient may change; or projected activities, in which the specific patient is not yet identifiable; or joint activities, where an individual agent incompletely affects a particular patient; or activities directed at an unspecified portion of a mass (Mithun 1984: 856).
P-individuation properties	P incorporated: Indefinite (non-specific)	no
P-individuation properties	P incorporated: Referential	no
P-individuation properties	P oblique: Generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	P oblique: Indefinite (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	P oblique: Referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	P eliminated: Generic (non-specific)	yes	P elimination: P omission Comanche (Charney 1993: 136) 1. [tatɨtsahkɨnaʔetɨ nɨɨ] ta=-tɨtsaHkɨna-ʔe-tɨ= nɨɨ indf=subj-sew-ʔe-gen:asp I ‘I sew.’ (spoken by someone who sews habitually)
P-individuation properties	P eliminated: Indefinite (non-specific)	yes	P elimination: P suppression Comanche (Charney 1993: 128-129) 1a. [hakaniti ɨnnɨ návukuwáʔa tsahanIka] hakaniti ɨnnɨ nápukuwá-ʔa tsahani-h/H/ka how=obj you car-obj drive-stat:asp ‘What kind of car do you drive?’ 1b. [ke nɨ rɨtshaniwaitɨ] ke nɨɨ tɨ-tsahani-wai-tɨ= neg I tɨ-drive-ur:asp-gen:asp ‘I’m not going to drive.’
P-individuation properties	P eliminated: Referential	no
P-oblique affectedness	Less affected P-oblique	n/a
P-constraining properties	Animacy constraints on P-oblique demotion	n/a
P-constraining properties	Person constraints on P-oblique demotion	n/a
P-constraining properties	Number constraints on P-oblique demotion	n/a