Polonez Bis 1

Parameters - Murle

Construction type	Construction Parameter	Value	Comments

Voice marking	Proper marker	yes	Several verbs take an intransitive marker (...). When a clause contains an object, these verbs take the normal transitive form, but when there is no object, these verbs add the intransitive marker (Arensen 1982: 84). The intransitive marker in the imperfect is a reduplication of the final consonant of the verb stem plus an /i/ (Arensen 1982: 85). FYI: When the stem ends in a /v/ or /r/, a /y/ is added instead of the reduplication. Stems ending in /m/ or /n/ add a /ny/ before the /i/, following morphophonemic rules (Arensen 1982: 85).
Voice marking	Lookalike marker	no
Voice marking	Synthetic marker	yes	Several verbs take an intransitive marker (...). When a clause contains an object, these verbs take the normal transitive form, but when there is no object, these verbs add the intransitive marker (Arensen 1982: 84). The intransitive marker in the imperfect is a reduplication of the final consonant of the verb stem plus an /i/ (Arensen 1982: 85).
Voice marking	Analytical marker	no
Flagging	S-argument flagging	yes	(T)he nominative is overtly marked while the accusative is unmarked (Velupillai 2012: 239). Murle and Harar Oromo have a marked nominative for full noun phrases, but a standard accusative system for pronouns (Velupillai 2012: 240). A nominative case marks the subject of a clause. The nominative case is marked by -i or -e in the singular and -a in the plural (Arensens 1982: 49). The nominative marker -i is the most common, however -e is occasionally used (Arensens 1982: 49). FYI: Some common nouns do not take nominative case endings. When this happens, the nominative case must be understood by clause context and position to keep it separate from the accusative. Most of these are nouns ending in a vowel (Arensens 1982: 51). FYI: Other nouns will take no singular nominative case ending but the plural case ending if the plural form ends in a consonant (Arensens 1982: 51).
Flagging	P-oblique flagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique unflagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique flagging variation	n/a
Indexation	S-argument indexed	yes	The subject is always marked in the verb by a person marker. A noun phrase or pronoun may occupy the subject slot. iI the subject slot is empty, the subject is still marked by the person marker in the verb (Arensen 1982: 106). The intransitive clause core contains an obligatory predicate slot filled by a verb and an obligatory subject slot filled by a noun phrase, pronoun, or person marker affixed to the verb (Arensen 11982: 108).
Indexation	S-argument indexation conditioned	no	The intransitive clause core contains an obligatory predicate slot filled by a verb and an obligatory subject slot filled by a noun phrase, pronoun, or person marker affixed to the verb (Arensen 11982: 108).
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P is generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P is indefinite (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P can be referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique is generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique is indefinite (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique can be referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P is generic (non-specific)	no
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P is indefinite (non-specific)	yes	(Arensen 1982: 108, 85) a. /kɛɛv/ ‘I cultivate’ b. k-ɛɛv-yi 1SG-cultivate.DETR ‘I am cultivating’
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P can be referential	no
Oblique affectedness	Less affected oblique	n/a
P-constraining properties	Animacy constrains oblique demotion	n/a
P-constraining properties	Person constrains oblique demotion	n/a
P-constraining properties	Number constrains oblique demotion	n/a