| Voice marking | Proper marker | yes | (@in 'absolute' RVs) , the Patient need not be expressed, and this is achieved by omitting the DO and obligatorily marking it with the RM (Reflexive Marker) (Geniušienė 1987: 85).
first, 'absoluteness' is marked with the RM in a lexically limited set of verbs in both languages
(Geniušienė 1987: 85).
(@ in Deaccusative subjective reflexives)
The essence of RV (reflexive verb) derivation is to give prominence to the verbal action by demoting the DO and by affixing the RM (reflexive marker) onto the verb (Geniušienė 1987: 94).
|
| Voice marking | Lookalike marker | no | |
| Voice marking | Synthetic marker | yes | Reflexive verbs form a distinct lexico-grammatical group of verbs based on at least one shared formal feature – a reflexive ending with a final formative -s in all persons, tenses, and moods (Kalnača & Lokmane 2021: 272).
First, 'absoluteness' is marked with the RM in a lexically limited set of verbs in both languages
(Geniušienė 1987: 85).
The essence of RV (reflexive verb) derivation is to give prominence to the verbal action by demoting the DO and by affixing the RM (reflexive marker) onto the verb (Geniušienė 1987: 94). |
| Voice marking | Analytical marker | no | |
| Flagging | S-argument flagging | yes | @the subject retains its nominative case in the derived P demotion clause. All examples attest this (MT).
|
| Flagging | P-oblique flagging | yes | The oblique object of the deaccusative construction is usually encoded with one of four prepositions: pa ‘about’, ap ‘around’, gar ‘along’, ar ‘with’, or with the locative case. Pa ‘about’, ap ‘around’, gar ‘along’ group with the locative under the locative subtype of the construction (Holvoet & Daugavet 2020: 278).
Although the prepositions, as well as the locative, are also found within adverbial modifiers in the deobjective construction, they are regularly used for marking the oblique object of the deaccusative construction (Holvoet & Daugavet 2020: 278). |
| Flagging | P-oblique unflagging | no | |
| Flagging | P-oblique flagging variation | yes | The oblique object of the deaccusative construction is usually encoded with one of four prepositions: pa ‘about’, ap ‘around’, gar ‘along’, ar ‘with’, or with the locative case. Pa ‘about’, ap ‘around’, gar ‘along’ group with the locative under the locative subtype of the construction (Holvoet & Daugavet 2020: 278)
FYI: The case form of the Oblque Object (O ins, 0 loc, prep Ogen, etc.) correlated with the lexical meaning of the verbal stem may serve as a convenient basis for subclassifying deaccusative RVs (Geniušienė 1987: 94).
FYI: The case form of the
OblO (oblique Object) in RC (reflexive construction) is determined by the lexical meaning of the verbal stem (Geniušienė 1987: 97). |
| Indexation | S-argument indexed | yes | The distinction between the subject of the sentence and the other arguments is signaled by the agreement between the forms of the subject and predicate in most cases. The formal dependence between the subject and the predicate of the sentence is two-directional: the subject of the sentence determines the gender, number, and person of the predicate (Kalnača & Lokmane 2021: 388).
It is the subject of the sentence that is in control of the agreement (Kalnača & Lokmane 2021: 389). |
| Indexation | S-argument indexation conditioned | no | We can also say that it is the subject of the sentence that is in control of the agreement (Kalnača & Lokmane 2021: 389).
In Latvian, the verbal category of person comprises three singular and three plural persons (Kalnača & Lokmane 2021: 226).
A possible representation of the system of verbal person and number endings shown in Tables 2.32–2.33.@ on page 228 (Kalnača & Lokmane 2021: 227).
the distinction between the subject of the sentence and the other arguments is signaled by the agreement between the forms of the subject and predicate in most cases. The formal dependence between the subject and the predicate of the sentence is two-directional: the subject of the sentence determines the gender, number, and person of the predicate (Kalnača & Lokmane 2021: 388).
|
| P-individuation properties | Incorporated P is generic (non-specific) | n/a | |
| P-individuation properties | Incorporated P is indefinite (non-specific) | n/a | |
| P-individuation properties | Incorporated P can be referential | n/a | |
| P-individuation properties | Oblique is generic (non-specific) | no | Deaccusatives, on the other hand, often have quite individualised and referential oblique objects (Holvoet & Daugavet 2020: 281). |
| P-individuation properties | Oblique is indefinite (non-specific) | no | Deaccusatives, on the other hand, often have quite individualised and referential oblique objects (Holvoet & Daugavet 2020: 281). |
| P-individuation properties | Oblique can be referential | yes | Deaccusatives, on the other hand, often have quite individualised and referential oblique objects (Holvoet & Daugavet 2020: 281) |
| P-individuation properties | Eliminated P is generic (non-specific) | yes | P suppression:
Absolutvive reflexives: imply either an indefinite ('someone') or generalized ('all members of a class') Patient, which results in the development of the modal potential meaning in absolute RVs when they come to denote a habitual activity as a particular permanent characteristic of the Agent (Geniušienė 1987: 85).
P suppression:
Absolutvive reflexive: In a construction like this, the complement can be suppressed as being generic or backgrounded, and the focus is then on the external behaviour of the subject participant. Possibly, but not necessarily, this backgrounding of the complement is connected with a habitual or potential reading of the construction (Holevoet 2020: 256).
P omission:
Labile verbs: FYI: Latvian also attests labile verbs ('read', 'eat') in which the omitted P gets the generic intereptatiion (KJ). |
| P-individuation properties | Eliminated P is indefinite (non-specific) | yes | P suppression:
Absolutvive reflexives: imply either an *indefinite ('someone') or generalized ('all members of a class') Patient, which results in the development of the modal potential meaning in absolute RVs when they come to denote a habitual activity as a particular permanent characteristic of the Agent (Geniušienė 1987: 85).
P suppression:
Absolutvive reflexive: In a construction like this, the complement can be suppressed as being generic or backgrounded, and the focus is then on the external behaviour of the subject participant. Possibly, but not necessarily, this backgrounding of the complement is connected with a habitual or potential reading of the construction (Holevoet 2020: 256).
|
| P-individuation properties | Eliminated P can be referential | yes | We also find uses of the deobjective in which the implicit object is not generic or potential but contextually retrievable (Holvoet 2020: 282).
Then, in an extension, they (deobjectives) could start denoting events whose implicit patients are not generic and unidentified but specific and known (Holvoet 2020: 284).
|
| Oblique affectedness | Less affected oblique | yes | It seems, then, that the deaccusative type is, in terms of characteristic features, the mirror image of the deobjective one: whereas the deobjective type denotes the reduced prominence of an object whose degree of affectedness remains unspecified, the deaccusative type denotes reduced affectedness of an object which cannot be said to be reduced in prominence (Holvoet 2017: 79).
P adjunct:
The deaccusative inherits this feature of self-containedness of the subject’s agency but adds that of low affectedness of the patient (Holvoet & Daugavet 2020: 285). |
| P-constraining properties | Animacy constrains oblique demotion | yes | P adjunct:
(Deaccusative subjective reflexives): Base NVs form a number of very small lexical groups commonly characterized by the human subject referent and mostly inanimate referent of the direct object (Geniušienė 1987: 94). |
| P-constraining properties | Person constrains oblique demotion | no | |
| P-constraining properties | Number constrains oblique demotion | no | |