Polonez Bis 1

Parameters - Mapudungun

Construction type	Construction Parameter	Value	Comments

Voice marking	Proper marker	no
Voice marking	Lookalike marker	no
Voice marking	Synthetic marker	n/a
Voice marking	Analytic marker	n/a
Flagging	S-argument flagging	no	Overt NPs are not inflected for the case. Grammatical function information is expressed only in the pronominal agreement (Baker et al. 2005: 144).
Flagging	P-oblique flagging	n/a	FYI: Only two P-demotion patterns were identified.: incorporation and obligatorily unexpressed P. FYI: Overt NPs are not inflected for the case; grammatical function information is expressed only in the pronominal agreement (Baker et al. 2005: 144).
Flagging	P-oblique unflagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique flagging variation	n/a
Indexation	S-argument indexed	yes	Predicates obligatorily take a subject marker (Smeets 2008: 180).
Indexation	S-argument indexation conditioned	no	Predicates obligatorily take a subject marker (Smeets 2008: 180).
P-individuation properties	P incorporated: Generic (non-specific)	yes	TYPE I incorporation (Mithun 1984): Noun incorporation plays an active role in discourse. INC noun can be interpreted as a generic NP with no particular referent (Baker et al. 2005: 145). Incorporated nominal can be non-referential parts of lexicalized compounds (Baker et al. 2005: 145). More significant is that IN can express definite nominal arguments that are backgrounded old information. The incorporated nouns in Mapudungun thus can maintain their referentiality (Baker et al. 2005: 144-145).
P-individuation properties	P incorporated: Indefinite (non-specific)	no
P-individuation properties	P incorporated: Referential	yes	TYPE III incorporation (Mithun 1984) More significant is that IN can express the definite nominal arguments with backgrounded old information. The incorporated nouns in Mapudungun thus can maintain their referentiality (Baker et al. 2005: 145). Finally, as further evidence of the discourse role of NI in Mapudungun, we observe that incorporated nouns can introduce new discourse referents to which subsequent nominal expressions can refer back (Baker et a. 2005: 146). Baker (1996: §7.4.3) expands on the idea that INs count as referential in some languages by showing that the phenomenon has a nontrivial interaction with the syntax (Baker et al. 2005: 146).
P-individuation properties	P oblique: Generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	P oblique: Indefinite (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	P oblique: Referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	P eliminated: Generic (non-specific)	yes	Based on the personal communication with Fernando Zúñiga (06.07.23).
P-individuation properties	P eliminated: Indefinite (non-specific)	yes	Mapudungun (Zúñiga 2000: 63) 1. Ngürü allkütu-le-rke-y. Fox listen-prog-mir-ind ‘The fox turned out to be listening.’
P-individuation properties	P eliminated: Referential	yes	Based on the personal communication with Fernando Zúñiga (06.07.23).
P-oblique affectedness	Less affected P-oblique	n/a
P-constraining properties	Animacy constraints on P-oblique demotion	no
P-constraining properties	Person constraints on P-oblique demotion	no
P-constraining properties	Number constraints on P-oblique demotion	no