Polonez Bis 1

Parameters - Kalamang

Construction type	Construction Parameter	Value	Comments

Voice marking	Proper marker	yes	In Kalamang, reciprocal constructions are made with a verbal proclitic nau=. In these constructions, the valency of the verb is typically reduced by one such that there is only a subject argument (Visser 2022: 269). The reciprocal proclitic is also used for asymmetrical actions, i.e. actions that one group or individual do(es) to another, but not vice versa (Visser 2022: 270).
Voice marking	Lookalike marker	no
Voice marking	Synthetic marker	yes	The reciprocal proclitic is also used for asymmetrical actions, i.e. actions that one group or individual do(es) to another, but not vice versa (Visser 2022: 270). In Kalamang, reciprocal constructions are made with a verbal proclitic nau=. In these constructions, the valency of the verb is typically reduced by one such that there is only a subject argument (Visser 2022: 269).
Voice marking	Analytic marker	no
Flagging	S-argument flagging	no	Kalamang (Visser 2022: 175) Postpositions ∅ subject (S,A) =at object (O) Kalamang has SV and APV constituent order with nominative-accusative alignment. Only the object is overtly marked (Visser 2022: 46). Intransitive clauses have a single unmarked subject argument preceding the verb (Visser 2022: 285). Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses remain unmarked (Visser 2022: 174).
Flagging	P-oblique flagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique unflagging	n/a
Flagging	P-oblique flagging variation	n/a
Indexation	S-argument indexed	no	Subject and object are not cross-referenced on the verb (Visser 2022: 46). FYI: Verbs are not inflected for person or number, except for plural imperative and a distributive suffix (Visser 2022: 45). FYI: There is no agreement marking on the verb. (...) Except for verbs in the imperative mood, which distinguish between singular and plural subjects (Visser 2022: 130).
Indexation	S-argument indexation conditioned	n/a
P-individuation properties	P incorporated: Generic (non-specific)	yes	Some incorporations are more abstract expressions. Ter-na ‘tea-consume’, for example, does not necessarily mean ‘drinking tea’, but can also mean ‘having breakfast’ (Visser 2022: 263).
P-individuation properties	P incorporated: Indefinite (non-specific)	no	This is not a question of referentiality (singling out a new referent using a non-incorporated noun), as on several occasions in the corpus, the first mention of a referent is already incorporated (Viser 2022: 263).
P-individuation properties	P incorporated: Referential	yes	It is a common but optional parallel strategy to having a full (case-marked, stress-carrying) object NP (Visser 2022: 261). This is not a question of referentiality (singling out a new referent using a non-incorporated noun), as on several occasions in the corpus, the first mention of a referent is already incorporated (Viser 2022: 263). The only factor that was found to play a role in the choice between incorporation or no incorporation is repetition in the same or adjacent turns. Whenever a speaker repeats themselves or the words of another speaker, there seems to be a heightened chance of repeating the previously used construction (Viser 2022: 263). FYI: See Visser (2022: 262). Ex. (16): We got and drank the water.'
P-individuation properties	P oblique: Generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	P oblique: Indefinite (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	P oblique: Referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	P eliminated: Generic (non-specific)	no
P-individuation properties	P eliminated: Indefinite (non-specific)	yes	P elimination: P omission: Kalamang (Visser 2022: 253) 1. mu muap 3pl eat ‘They ate.’ 2. pi tok muap=nin 1pl.incl yet eat=neg ‘We didn’t eat yet.’ P elimination: P suppression: Kalamang (Visser 2022: 271) 3. mu bir namabuk=teba nau=tu 3pl beer drunk=prog recp=hit ‘They’re drunk on beer, fighting.'
P-individuation properties	P eliminated: Referential	yes	P elimination: P suppression: Kalamang (Visser 2022: 271) 1. Ka tamandi=a kiem=et, ka tamangga=ta, in se nau=komahal=te 2sg how=foc flee=irr 2sg where.lat=nfin 1pl.excl iam recp=not_know=nfin ‘How could you flee, where? We had never encountered [that part of the forest] before.’
P-oblique affectedness	Less affected P-oblique	n/a
P-constraining properties	Animacy constraints on P-oblique demotion	n/a
P-constraining properties	Person constraints on P-oblique demotion	n/a
P-constraining properties	Number constraints on P-oblique demotion	n/a