Polonez Bis 1

Parameters - Eastern Yiddish

Construction type	Construction Parameter	Value	Comments

Voice marking	Proper marker	yes	The pronoun zikh can also participate in valency-changing operations (Luchina 2023: 19).
Voice marking	Lookalike marker	no
Voice marking	Synthetic marker	yes	The pronoun zikh can also participate in valency-changing operations (Luchina 2023: 19).
Voice marking	Analytical marker	no
Flagging	S-argument flagging	yes	In Yiddish, the verb agrees with its subject, case marking distinguishes S/A (nominative case) and P (accusative case) (Luchina 2023: 5). FYI: The only nouns that have case suffixes are proper names and a short list of animate nouns. For other nouns, the case is expressed in the form of definite articles (Luchina 2023: 5). FYI: Yiddish nouns are typically unmarked for case. Instead, case marking is indicated by the accompanying definite article or demonstrative (and attributive adjectives) (Kahn 2016: 672).
Flagging	P-oblique flagging	yes	FYI: Flagging is expressed through adposition, for instance, using the preposition mit 'with'. See Luchina (2023: 20).
Flagging	P-oblique unflagging	no
Flagging	P-oblique flagging variation	n/a
Indexation	S-argument indexed	yes	In Yiddish, the verb agrees with its subject (Luchina 2023: 5).
Indexation	S-argument indexation conditioned	no
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P is generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P is indefinite (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Incorporated P can be referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique is generic (non-specific)	n/a
P-individuation properties	Oblique is indefinite (non-specific)	yes	P adjunct: (Luchina 2023: 20) a. ven du varf-st im zakh-n vet er when 2sg throw-prs.2sg 3sg.m.dat thing-pl.acc aux.prs.3sg 3sg.m zey tsurik-breng-en 3pl back-bring-fut ‘(And) when you throw him things, he would bring them back.’ b. Er, nosn shloyme, varf-t zikh mit gelt 3sg.m Nathan Shlomo throw-prs.3sg refl with money ‘He, Nathan Shlomo, splashes out money.’
P-individuation properties	Oblique can be referential	n/a
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P is generic (non-specific)	yes	P suppression: Based on Luchna (2023: 19), the antipassive in Yiddish may have what Haspelmath & Müller-Bardye (2004: 3) describes as potential deobjectives. The latter expresses a disposition of an agent to perform an action. Potential deobjectives therefore occur only in irrealis or generic sentences, never in specific realis sentences (KJ). (Luchina 2023: 10) a. Der hunt hot zikh aleyn gebisn def.m dog aux.prs.3sg self foc bite.pst ‘The dog bit itself.’ b. ?der hunt hot zikh gebisn def.m dog aux.prs.3sg self bite.pst ‘The dig bites.’ P omission: Er leyent oft. 'He reads often.' *In the past tense, a perfectivizing prefix might be preferred, though not obligatory (personal communication with Elena Luchina, 20.04.23).
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P is indefinite (non-specific)	yes	Er hot opgegesn. 'He ate'. In the past tense, a perfectivizing prefix might be preferred, though not obligatory (personal communication with Elena Luchina, 20.04.23).
P-individuation properties	Eliminated P can be referential	no
Oblique affectedness	Less affected oblique	no
P-constraining properties	Animacy constrains oblique demotion	no
P-constraining properties	Person constrains oblique demotion	no
P-constraining properties	Number constrains oblique demotion	no