| Voice marking | Proper marker | yes | ?um- intransitivizing prefix (Jacobsen 1964: 542).
?um- Intransitivizing emphasizes the action rather than the goal and w- static adds an idea of indefiniteness to either the actor or the goal (Jacobsen 1964: 529).
The derivational prefix be- Indefinite Object is added to transitive and intransitive verb stems, forming intransitive verb stems in either case (Jacobsen 1964: 547).
The meaning added to the stems by the prefix be- seems to be that of action applied to an indefinite object. Many of the actions expressed by the stems taking this prefix have to do with processing or manufacturing operations that would be applied to a large number of individual items, either serially or at the same time (Jacobsen 1964: 547).
The commonly occurring Static prefix w- is added to both intransitive and transitive verb stems, the resultant forms being intransitive verb stems in either case (Jacobsen 1964: 540).
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| Voice marking | Lookalike marker | no | |
| Voice marking | Synthetic marker | yes | ?um- intransitivizing prefix (Jacobsen 1964: 542).
w- static prefix (Jacobsen 1964: 540).
The derivational prefix be-: an indefinite object (Jacobsen 1964: 547). |
| Voice marking | Analytical marker | no | |
| Flagging | S-argument flagging | no | KS: SPA participants are unmarked, but locatives and instruments are in Washo grammar from Kroeber (1907: 270-271)
https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp004-006.pdf |
| Flagging | P-oblique flagging | n/a | |
| Flagging | P-oblique unflagging | n/a | |
| Flagging | P-oblique flagging variation | n/a | |
| Indexation | S-argument indexed | yes | 3rd person subject of an intransitive verb is indicated by ?- ~ 0. When this prefix is expanded by a preceding word, it is used to indicate 3rd person subject plus direct object of a transitive or double-transitive verb (Jacobsen 1964: 455).
3rd person prefix ?- is the only prefix that (...) occurs on intransitive verbs to express their third-person subjects, regardless of whether these are additionally expressed by preceding substantives (Jacobsen 1979: 147).
3rd person ?- prefix may be expanded by one, two, or three words. When it is expanded by one third-person nominal, this expresses (...) the subject of an intransitive verb or the object of a transitive or double-transitive verb. This expanded prefix is not used to express (...) the subject of a transitive or double-transitive verb (Jacobsen 1964: 403-404).
1-person subject of intransitive, transitive, and double-transitive verbs is indicated by <le-> le- ~ di- ~ i- (Jacobsen 1964: 449).
2-person subject of intransitive, transitive, and double-transitive verbs is indicated by <m-> m-, - ?um- (?im-) ~ mi- (Jacobsen 1964: 453).
FYI: Transitive verb stems are also inflected with pronominal prefixes to form verb themes. These prefixes express the subject and the object of the verb. For a third person subject with a third person object the Third » Person Objective prefix <k-> is used, but when the object is to be expressed by a preceding word, a syntactically expanded form of the Third Person prefix <^-> is used (Jacobsen 1964: 394).
KS: A is indexed when 1st person and 2nd person. 3rd person is not indexed. S indexed in the verb when it is 3rd person. See Jacobsen (1964: 404; 1979: 149, 154).
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| Indexation | S-argument indexation conditioned | yes | |
| P-individuation properties | Incorporated P is generic (non-specific) | n/a | |
| P-individuation properties | Incorporated P is indefinite (non-specific) | n/a | |
| P-individuation properties | Incorporated P can be referential | n/a | |
| P-individuation properties | Oblique is generic (non-specific) | n/a | |
| P-individuation properties | Oblique is indefinite (non-specific) | n/a | |
| P-individuation properties | Oblique can be referential | n/a | |
| P-individuation properties | Eliminated P is generic (non-specific) | no | |
| P-individuation properties | Eliminated P is indefinite (non-specific) | yes | The meaning added to the stems by the prefix be- seems to be that of action applied to an indefinite object. Many of the actions expressed by the stems taking this prefix have to do with processing or manufacturing operations that would be applied to a large number of individual items, either serially or at the same time (Jacobsen 1964: 547).
?um- Intransitivizing emphasizes the action rather than the goal and w- static adds an idea of indefiniteness to either the actor or the goal (Jacobsen 1964: 529). |
| P-individuation properties | Eliminated P can be referential | yes | The prefix be- (indefinite object) seems to imply that although the action has an object, the identity of the specific object at any one time is INDIFFERENT or indeterminate (Jacobsen 1964: 547).
<?um-> intransitivizing is added to transitive verb stems to derive intransitive verb stems from them. These stems are formed when it is desired to emphasize the activity that a person is engaged in rather than the process that is being applied to a given object. @Examples: Vt: 'to find' vs. Vi 'to find', Vt 'to dig a hole' vs. Vi 'to dig a whole', Vt 'to peel, shell' vs. Vi: 'to peel, shell' (Jacobsen 1964: 542).
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| Oblique affectedness | Less affected oblique | n/a | |
| P-constraining properties | Animacy constrains oblique demotion | n/a | |
| P-constraining properties | Person constrains oblique demotion | n/a | |
| P-constraining properties | Number constrains oblique demotion | n/a | |